TOPIK 4 Grammar
59 grammar points
-(으)로서
as (a role/status)
11 examples
-(으)ㄴ/는 반면(에)
whereas / on the other hand
9 examples
-(으)ㅁ으로써
by means of / by ~ing
9 examples
-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라
not only
7 examples
-에 의해(서)
by (passive agent)
7 examples
-(으)ㄴ/는 만큼
as much as / to the extent
3 examples
-(으)므로
because / since (formal)
3 examples
-는 한편
on the one hand / also
3 examples
-(으)ㄴ/는 탓에
because of (negative cause)
2 examples
-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 셈이다
intend to / it amounts to
2 examples
-ㄴ/는 척하다
pretend to
2 examples
-다(가) 보니(까)
while doing (came to realize)
2 examples
-(으)ㄴ/는 걸 보니(까)
judging from / since
1 example
-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 줄 알았다
thought that
1 example
-(으)려다가
was about to but
1 example
-고 말다
end up (regrettably)
1 example
-ㄴ/는다니
(surprise) that
1 example
-는 덕분에
thanks to
1 example
-는 바람에
because of (unexpected result)
1 example
-는 한
as long as / as far as
1 example
-다(가) 보면
if you keep doing
1 example
-듯이
like / as if
1 example
-(으)ㄴ/는 데다(가)
on top of / in addition
1 example
Also at this level
Example sentences are added as these patterns appear in new articles.
- -(으)ㄴ/는 김에 while (taking the opportunity)
- -(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 모양이다 it seems / looks like
- -(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 줄 몰랐다 didn't know that
- -(으)ㄴ/는걸(요) though (sentence-final)
- -(으)ㄴ가 보다 I assume / it seems
- -(으)ㄹ 겸 (해서) in order to also / and also
- -(으)ㄹ 리가 없다 there is no way that
- -(으)ㄹ 뻔하다 almost did
- -(으)ㄹ 수밖에 (없다) no choice but to
- -(으)ㄹ 테니(까) I will, so
- -(으)ㄹ 텐데 should be (but) / I expect
- -(으)ㄹ걸 (그랬다) should have
- -(으)ㄹ까 말까 whether or not to
- -고 말고(요) of course
- -고 보면 once you ~ (you find)
- -기는(요) not at all (modest denial)
- -기만 하면 (되다) as long as / just need to
- -기에(는) for (purpose) / (too...) to
- -길래 since / because (reason for action)
- -ㄴ/는다거나 or (listing actions)
- -ㄴ/는다고 해도 even if (one says)
- -ㄴ/는다니까 I'm telling you
- -ㄴ/는다더니 said ~ but (and then)
- -ㄴ/는다더라 I heard that
- -ㄴ/는다던데 I heard that (but)
- -ㄴ/는다면서(요)? I heard ~ right?
- -는 사이에 while / during
- -는 수(가) 있다 it can happen that
- -는 수밖에 (없다) no choice but to
- -다시피 as (you know / can see)
- -더군(요) I noticed / recall (that)
- -던가(요)? was it? (recalling question)
- -아/어서 그런지 maybe because
- -았/었더라면 if (counterfactual past)
- -았/었으면 하다 wish / hope (that)
- -에다(가) onto / at / in addition to