TOPIK 4 Grammar

-(으)ㄴ/는 반면(에) whereas / on the other hand 11 examples -(으)로서 as (a role/status) 11 examples -(으)ㅁ으로써 by means of / by ~ing 11 examples -(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 not only 8 examples -에 의해(서) by (passive agent) 8 examples -(으)므로 because / since (formal) 4 examples -(으)ㄴ/는 만큼 as much as / to the extent 3 examples -(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 셈이다 intend to / it amounts to 3 examples -는 한편 on the one hand / also 3 examples -(으)ㄴ/는 탓에 because of (negative cause) 2 examples -ㄴ/는 척하다 pretend to 2 examples -다(가) 보니(까) while doing (came to realize) 2 examples -(으)ㄴ/는 걸 보니(까) judging from / since 1 example -(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 모양이다 it seems / looks like 1 example -(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 줄 알았다 thought that 1 example -(으)려다가 was about to but 1 example -고 말다 end up (regrettably) 1 example -기만 하면 (되다) as long as / just need to 1 example -ㄴ/는다고 해도 even if (one says) 1 example -ㄴ/는다니 (surprise) that 1 example -는 덕분에 thanks to 1 example -는 바람에 because of (unexpected result) 1 example -는 한 as long as / as far as 1 example -다(가) 보면 if you keep doing 1 example -듯이 like / as if 1 example -(으)ㄴ/는 데다(가) on top of / in addition 1 example -(으)ㄴ/는 김에 while (taking the opportunity) 5 examples -(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 줄 몰랐다 didn't know that 5 examples -(으)ㄴ/는걸(요) though (sentence-final) 2 examples -(으)ㄴ가 보다 I assume / it seems 5 examples -(으)ㄹ 겸 (해서) in order to also / and also 5 examples -(으)ㄹ 리가 없다 there is no way that 5 examples -(으)ㄹ 뻔하다 almost did 5 examples -(으)ㄹ 수밖에 (없다) no choice but to 2 examples -(으)ㄹ 테니(까) I will, so 5 examples -(으)ㄹ 텐데 should be (but) / I expect 3 examples -(으)ㄹ걸 (그랬다) should have 5 examples -(으)ㄹ까 말까 whether or not to 5 examples -고 말고(요) of course 5 examples -고 보면 once you ~ (you find) 3 examples -기는(요) not at all (modest denial) 5 examples -기에(는) for (purpose) / (too...) to 2 examples -길래 since / because (reason for action) 5 examples -ㄴ/는다거나 or (listing actions) 5 examples -ㄴ/는다니까 I'm telling you 5 examples -ㄴ/는다더니 said ~ but (and then) 5 examples -ㄴ/는다더라 I heard that 5 examples -ㄴ/는다던데 I heard that (but) 5 examples -ㄴ/는다면서(요)? I heard ~ right? 5 examples -는 사이에 while / during 5 examples -는 수(가) 있다 it can happen that 5 examples -는 수밖에 (없다) no choice but to 5 examples -다시피 as (you know / can see) 5 examples -더군(요) I noticed / recall (that) 5 examples -던가(요)? was it? (recalling question) 5 examples -아/어서 그런지 maybe because 5 examples -았/었더라면 if (counterfactual past) 5 examples -았/었으면 하다 wish / hope (that) 5 examples -에다(가) onto / at / in addition to 5 examples